Mien Shaman's Fulu Yao Hand Carved Wooden Turtle Effigy Sacred Red Ink Block DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART

Fulu is a term for Daoist practitioners who use
hand carved wooden stamps with red ink and dragon
wands waved over sacred Daoist ritual scripture books
who can draw and write supernatural talismans; Fu Shenfu,
which they believed function as summons or instructions to
deities, spirits, or as tools of exorcism,
as medicinal potions for ailments.

It is believed by Daoists that in the past
the ability to write Shenfu had been once
decreed by their deities to authorized priests
or daoshi. Lu is a register and compilation of
the membership of the daoshi as well as the
skills they were able to use. These practitioners
are also called Fulu Pai or the Fulu Sect made
up of daoshi from different schools or offshoots of Taojia.

The origins of the Yao can be traced back 2000 years starting in
Hunan. The Yao and Hmong were among the rebels during the
Miao Rebellions against the Ming dynasty. As the Han Chinese
expanded into South China, the Yao retreated into the highlands
between Hunan andGuizhou to the north and Guangdong
and Guangxi to the south, and stretching into eastern Yunnan.
Around 1890, the Guangdong government started taking
action against Yao in northwestern Guangdong.The first
Chinese exonym for "Yao people" was the graphic
pejorative "jackal," with twentieth-century reforms
this was changed to yao: "precious jade."

Daoism has historically been important to the Yao.
Jinag Yingliang, in a 1948 study, argued that Yao
religion was characterized by a process of Han Chinese
influenced Daoisation the endurance of pre-Daoist folk
religion; and some Buddhist beliefs. The description of Yao
religionis similar to the definition of Chinese folk
religion as described by Arthur Wolf and Steve Sangren.
Scholar Zhang Youjun takes issue with claims of
"strong Buddhist influence" on the Yao, arguing
that "although Yao ritual texts contain
Buddhist expression, the Yao do not
believe in Buddhism at all.
They are resolutely Taoist.”

Yao society is traditionally patrilineal,
with sons inheriting from their fathers.
Marriage between first cousins is common.

The Yao follow patrilocal residence.
The Yao people have been farmers for over
a thousand years, mostly rice cultivation through
plowing, although a few practice slash-and-burn
agriculture. Where the Yao live nearby
forested regions, they also engage in hunting.

During the Southern Song (1127–127),
an imperial Chinese observer, Zhou Qufei,
described the Yao as wearing distinctive fine
blue clothing produced using indigo. The Yao
celebrate their Pan Wang (King Pan) festival
annually on the sixteenth day of the tenth lunar
month. The festival celebrates the mythical original
story of the Yao people, and has evolved
“into a happy holiday for the Yao to
celebrate a good harvest and
worship their ancestors.

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