LAOTIAN:
HMONG HILL TRIBE SILVER
MATCHING BRACELET PAIR #5


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LAOTIAN HMONG HILL TRIBE:
STERLING SILVER MATCHING BRACELET PAIR #5
LATE 19TH CENTURY - EARLY 20TH CENTURY
AUTHENTIC TRIBAL USED ANTIQUE
CIRCUMFERENCE 6.5 INCHES EACH

3 INCHES X 1 INCH EACH

    
Hill tribe; "mountain people" is a term used in Southeast Asia for all of
the various ethnic groups who mostly inhabit the high mountainous regions in
Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, China, and Burma. These areas are known for their
often mountainous terrain which is in some areas covered by thick forests.

Some of the hill tribes are the Akha, Hmong, Karen, Yao, Lahu, Mien,
Padaung, Thai Lu, Lantien, Zao, and Palaung.

There are others and many sub-groups such as
the Flower Hmong, Black Hmong, and Red Zao.

The hill tribes have traditionally been subsistence farmers
who use slash-and-burn agricultural techniques to farm their
heavily forested communities. Popular perceptions that slash
and burn practices are environmentally destructive, government
concerns over borderland security, and population pressure has
caused the government to forcibly relocate many hill tribe peoples.
Traditionally, hill tribes were also a migratory people, leaving land
as it became depleted of natural resources or when trouble arose.

A 2013 article in Bangkok Post said that "Nearly a million
hill peoples and forest dwellers are still treated as outsiders—criminals
even, since most live in protected forests. Viewed as national security
threats, hundreds of thousands of them are refused citizenship
although many are natives to the land."

Roughly 95% of the Hmong live in Asia. Linguistic data show
that the Hmong of the Peninsula stem from the Miao of southern
China as one among a set of ethnic groups belonging to the
Hmong–Mien language family. Linguistically and culturally
speaking, the Hmong and the other sub-groups of the Yao
have little in common.

Vietnam, where their presence is attested from the late 18th
century onwards, is likely to be the first Indochinese country into
which the Hmong migrated. During the colonization of 'Tonkin'
(north Vietnam) between 1883 and 1954, a number of Hmong
decided to join the Vietnamese Nationalists and Communists,
while many Christianized Hmong sided with the French.
After the Viet Minh victory, numerous pro-French Hmong
had to fall back to Laos and South Vietnam.

At the 2009 national census, there were 1,068,189 Hmong living
in Vietnam, the vast majority of them in the north of the country.
The traditional trade in coffin wood with China and the cultivation
of the opium poppy – both prohibited only in 1993 in Vietnam
long guaranteed a regular cash income. Today, converting to cash
cropping is the main economic activity. As in China and Laos, there
is a certain degree of participation of Hmong in the local and
regional administration. In the late 1990s, several thousands of
Hmong have started moving to the Central Highlands and some
have crossed the border into Cambodia, constituting the first
attested presence of Hmong settlers in that country.

In 2005, the Hmong in Laos numbered 460,000.
Hmong settlement there is nearly as ancient as in Vietnam.
After decades of distant relations with the Lao kingdoms, closer
relations between the French military and some Hmong on the Xieng
Khouang plateau were set up after World War II. There, a particular
rivalry between members of the Lo and Ly clans developed into open
enmity, also affecting those connected with them by kinship.
Clan leaders took opposite sides and as a consequence,
several thousand Hmong participated in the fighting
against the Pathet Lao Communists, while
perhaps as many were enrolled in the People's
Liberation Army. As in Vietnam, numerous Hmong
in Laos also genuinely tried to avoid getting
involved in the conflict in spite of the
extremely difficult material conditions
under which they lived during wartime.

After the 1975 Communist victory, thousands of Hmong
from Laos had to seek refuge abroad. Approximately
30 percent of the Hmong left, although the only concrete
figure we have is that of 116,000 Hmong from
Laos and Vietnam together seeking refuge
in Thailand up to 1990.

In 2002 the Hmong in Thailand numbered 151,080.
The presence of Hmong settlements there is documented from
the end of the 19th century. Initially, the Siamese paid little attention
to them. But in the early 1950s, the state suddenly took a number
of initiatives aimed at establishing links. Decolonization and nationalism
were gaining momentum in the Peninsula and wars of independence were
raging. Armed opposition to the state in northern Thailand, triggered
by outside influence, started in 1967 while here again, many Hmong refused
to take sides in the conflict. Communist guerrilla warfare stopped by
1982 as a result of an international concurrence of events that
rendered it pointless. Priority is since given by the Thai state to
sedentarizing the mountain population, introducing commercially
viable agricultural techniques and national education, with the
aim of integrating these non-Tai animists within the national identity.

Burma most likely includes a modest number of Hmong
(perhaps around 2,500) but no reliable census
has been conducted there recently.

As result of refugee movements in the wake of the Indochina
Wars (1946–1975), in particular in Laos, the largest Hmong community
to settle outside Asia went to the United States where approximately
100,000 individuals had already arrived by 1990.


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